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Convertible note

Reconcile principal, interest, maturity and conversion terms before modelling the equity issued in a financing or other trigger event.

Quick answer

A convertible note is a debt instrument that may or must convert into equity under specified terms. Principal, accrued interest, maturity, qualified-financing thresholds, discount, valuation cap, conversion class, repayment rights and default provisions determine its economics.

Use the worked example

Meaning and transaction use

An SEC-filed convertible-note agreement sets the conversion price at the lower of 80% of the qualified-financing price or a valuation-cap price based on fully diluted outstanding shares. [S1]

The same agreement states that conversion shares equal outstanding debt divided by the conversion price and requires financing documents at conversion. [S1]

An SEC filing distinguishes SAFE treatment from a debt instrument such as a convertible note. [S2]

Worked example

Illustrative note conversion only. Assume principal of 600,000, accrued interest of 36,000, a round price of 4.00 and a 20% conversion discount. The discount price is lower than the assumed cap price.

Scroll the table horizontally to view all columns.

MeasureCalculationResult
Convertible balance600,000 + 36,000636,000
Discount price4.00 x 80%3.20
Conversion shares636,000 / 3.20198,750
Discount to round price4.00 - 3.200.80 per share

The illustrative note converts into 198,750 shares at the discounted price of 3.20.

Proposed transaction review process

Inventory notes

Record principal, interest, maturity, security and amendments.

Map triggers

Identify qualified financing, maturity, sale, default and optional conversion.

Calculate balances

Reconcile principal, accrued interest, fees and repayments.

Model outcomes

Compare discount, cap, repayment and equity scenarios.

Evidence checklist

Note

Executed instrument, amendments, security and guarantees.

Ledger

Principal advances, interest, repayments and fees.

Capitalisation

Defined fully diluted shares and convertible securities.

Financing

Threshold, price, share class, rights and closing date.

Decision framework

SituationProposed action
Maturity precedes financingApply extension, repayment or conversion rights from the note.
Cap price is lowerUse the document's comparison and capitalisation definition.
Interest convertsReconcile accrued interest through the conversion date.
Notes have different termsCalculate each instrument separately.

Common errors to check

  • Ignoring accrued interest.
  • Applying the discount to valuation instead of price without support.
  • Using the wrong fully diluted denominator.
  • Treating conversion as automatic when the note provides an election.

Reconcile convertible-note outcomes

Bring the notes, debt ledger, cap table and financing terms to a conversion review. Compare cap, discount and maturity outcomes.

Discuss the transaction

Primary references and editorial scope

  1. SEC filing: Convertible-note conversion agreement
    Example qualified-financing conversion price, discount, valuation cap, fully diluted denominator and share calculation. Reference checked 17 September 2026.
  2. SEC filing: SAFE and convertible-note distinction
    Example description distinguishing a SAFE contractual right from convertible-note debt. Reference checked 17 September 2026.
Editorial qualification

General transaction education using public United States filings. Figures are hypothetical. Executed note terms, corporate law, tax and accounting analysis determine actual outcomes.

General business information. Obtain advice appropriate to the legal, tax, accounting and financing facts. No offer, lender commitment or transaction outcome is represented. All worked examples use expressly assumed figures. Editorial draft date: 17 September 2026.

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